An expert discusses how enthusiasm for adjuvant anti–PD-1 therapy varies based on key factors. Receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), nodal involvement, positive margins, variant histology, and PD-L1 expression influence recommendations. Observation may be preferred in frail, elderly, or autoimmune-prone patients. muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIBC) status is critical in decision-making.
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