Emerging Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies in CLL

¹The potential synergy of ibrutinib with other treatment strategies, including immunotherapeutic and targeted approaches, is currently being investigated in various clinical trials with the hope of identifying novel combinations that increase responses and improve duration of response.

New targeted agents in development in CLL include second-generation inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) designed to improve safety and efficacy, and novel inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K).^2,3Emerging therapies in CLL also include novel immunotherapeutic regimens using immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive immunotherapy using modified T lymphocytes.⁴

IMPROVING MODULATION OF APOPTOSIS WITH BTK INHIBITION

Venetoclax (Venclexta), a selective inhibitor of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family of proteins, which regulate cellular apoptosis and oncogenic functions, is a standard-of-care treatment of relapsed or refractory 17p deletion (del[17p]) CLL, alone or in combination with rituximab (Rituxan), and has activity in patients relapsing or refractory to ibrutinib or idelalisib (Zydelig).⁵The combination of venetoclax and rituximab plus bendamustine in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, based on findings from the phase III MURANO study.⁶Pretreating CLL cells with a BTK inhibitor, such as ibrutinib, has been shown to increase the dependence of CLL cells on BCL-2, enhancing CLL killing in response to venetoclax in cell culture studies.⁷

Supported by this rationale, the clinical utility and safety of a sequenced regimen of ibrutinib monotherapy for 3 cycles followed by combination therapy with ibrutinib and venetoclax is being explored in an ongoing phase II study in 78 patients with relapsed/ refractory CLL and in previously untreated patients with high-risk CLL, defined as the presence of either del(17p), mutated TP53, 11q deletion (del[11q]), unmutated IGHV, or ≥65 years.⁸A phase II study is also evaluating ibrutinib plus venetoclax as a frontline therapy in a planned cohort of 150 patients with CLL.⁹

Potential synergy of BTK and BCL-2 inhibition is also being explored in a phase Ib/II study in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, using a combination of obinutuzumab (Gazyva), ibrutinib, and venetoclax started sequentially, with gradual escalation of the venetoclax dose.¹⁰The regimen was tolerated with toxicities consistent with those of the single agents. Response has been evaluated in 6 of 12 patients treated in the phase Ib portion of the study, with an ORR of 100% (5 partial responses [PRs] and 1 CR).¹⁰

EXPLORING SYNERGY OF IBRUTINIB WITH IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC REGIMENS

The upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint pathways that control the T-cell response represents a major mechanism by which cancer cells escape elimination by the immune system. CLL cells express elevated levels of checkpoint inhibitory molecules, including programmed death 1 (PD-1), and its main ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.¹¹This provides a strong rationale to investigate immunotherapy with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors in CLL, which is expected to enhance the activity of anti-CLL T- effector cells, resulting in immune-mediated elimination of CLL cells. The small molecule inhibitor ibrutinib has immunomodulatory properties because it also blocks interleukin-2—inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), in addition to BTK, producing a shift in the balance of T-helper cell populations.

Adding ibrutinib with PD-1 checkpoint blockade has enhanced antitumor activity in preclinical models, including ibrutinib-resistant lymphomas.¹²An ongoing phase II trial is investigating combined checkpoint inhibitor therapy with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo) and ibrutinib in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL or Richter’s transformation (RT), or untreated patients with high-risk del(17p) CLL.¹³An initial report of the first 12 patients was presented at the 2016 ASH Annual Meeting, reporting activity in ibrutinib-naive patients with relapsed/refractory CLL (PRs in 3 of 5 patients) or RT (2 of 4 patients), including 1 patient with del(17p), unmutated IGHV, complex karyotype CLL.¹⁴

A single-arm phase II study has previously demonstrated activity of ibrutinib in combination with rituximab in patients with high-risk CLL.¹⁵The therapy was well tolerated and produced a response rate (ORR) of 95%, including a CR of 8% and a PR of 87%, and an 18-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 78% in all patients and 72.4% in patients with del(17p) or a TP53 mutation.¹⁵

Promising clinical activity of ibrutinib in combination with the CD20-targeted monoclonal antibody ofatumumab (Arzerra) has been reported from a phase I/II trial in 71 patients with relapsed/ refractory CLL; the combination produced a high ORR (71% to 100% in different dose schedules) and an estimated 12-month PFS of 75% to 89%.¹⁶Frontline treatment with ibrutinib plus obinutuzumab is currently being compared with chlorambucil plus obinutuzmab in the phase III iLLUMINATE study in 212 treatment-naive patients with CLL, with results expected in late 2017.¹⁷

Ibrutinib has also been combined with the investigational glycoengineered CD20 antibody ublituximab (TG-1101). In a phase II study, 88% of patients (n = 41) with relapsed/refractory CLL responded to the combination, and the ORR was 95% among patients with high-risk (del(17p), del(11q), or TP53 mutation) CLL, including a subset (n = 3, 15%) who achieved negative minimal residual disease (MRD).¹⁸

The phase III GENUINE study (n = 126 patients) was designed to validate this combination in patients with previously treated high-risk CLL.¹⁹According to recently released top-line data, the study met the primary endpoint by demonstrating a significant increase in ORR with ibrutinib plus ublituximab versus single-agent ibrutinib (80% vs 47%; P <.001).²⁰

&ldquo;We believe that the rapid responses seen in our phase II study with ublituximab plus ibrutinib are validated here in our phase III GENUINE study and are important markers of improved overall efficacy and patient outcomes,&rdquo; stated study chair Jeffrey Sharman, MD, medical director for hematology research for the US Oncology Network in a prepared statement.

The combination of ibrutinib with obinutuzumab is the focus of a phase I/II study in 32 previously untreated patients with CLL, with safety, tolerability, dose-limiting toxicity, and ORR as primary outcomes.²¹

COMBINING AND COMPARING TARGETED THERAPY WITH CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY

Recent outcomes from the randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III HELIOS study in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL have confirmed that the addition of ibrutinib to bendamustine and rituximab (BR) was beneficial and tolerable.²²After a median follow-up of 17 months, median PFS was not reached in the ibrutinib group versus 13.3 months in the placebo group (HR, 0.203; P <.0001), demonstrating a reduction of the risk of progression and death by 80%. PFS at 18 months was 79% versus 24% (P <.0001), and PFS benefits of ibrutinib were maintained in subgroups including refractoriness to purine analog therapy, del(11q), and unmutated IGHV. The ORR was 82.7% versus 67.8% (P <.0001), and the median OS was not reached in either group.²³

Current trials evaluating ibrutinib in combination with chemotherapy as frontline therapy include a phase II study evaluating the addition of short-course udarabine to ibrutinib²³and a phase II study investigating ibrutinib plus udarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) in younger patients (<65 years).²⁴

An ongoing phase III study of the German CLL Study Group has been designed to directly compare frontline standard chemoimmunotherapy (FCR, BR) therapy in physically fit patients with CLL who do not have del(17p) or TP53 mutations with combination regimens of targeted drugs, specifically rituximab plus venetoclax, obinutuzumab plus venetoclax, and obinutuzumab plus ibrutinib plus venetoclax.²⁴

SECOND-GENERATION BTK INHIBITORS

The second-generation small molecule BTK inhibitors acalabrutinib (ACP-196) and BGB-3111 (TABLE 1) exhibit greater selectivity for BTK than ibrutinib, which may reduce toxicity related to off-target activity of ibrutinib on other kinases including EGFR, ITK, and Tec family kinases, and may also overcome drug resistance related to incomplete BTK inhibition with ibrutinib.²Both agents also exhibit rapid oral bioavailability and a short half-life, allowing for twice-daily dosing, which has been associated with high plasma exposure—producing continuous and greater-than-95% blockade of BTK.^26,27

An uncontrolled, multicenter, phase I/II trial involving 61 patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, with unmutated IGHV in 75% and del(17p) in 31%, reported a 95% ORR (PR, 85%; PR with lymphocytosis, 10%; stable disease, 5%) with a median follow-up period of 14.3 months. The ORR in patients with del(17p) was 100%, and no cases of Richter transformation had occurred. Most toxicities were grade 1/2, including headache, diarrhea, increased weight, pyrexia, and upper respiratory infection.²⁶

A phase III trial of acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib in previously treated patients with high-risk CLL with either del(17) and/or del(11q) is underway.²⁸A second ongoing phase III trial is evaluating acalabrutinib versus rituximab plus idelalisib or bendamustine in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL.¹³

Acalabrutinib is also being investigated for the frontline treatment of CLL, based on positive outcomes of a phase I/II study in treatment-nai&Igrave;&circ;ve patients with CLL, which reported good tolerability and an ORR of 96%.²⁹The ongoing phase III Elevate CLL TN study is comparing acalabrutinib plus obinutuzumab versus obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil as a frontline treatment.³⁰

Phase I study outcomes with BGB-3111 in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL were recently reported and included an ORR of 96% (67% PR; 28% PR with lymphocytosis) and a 100% ORR in patients with del(17p).²⁷Three ongoing phase I trials are evaluating BGB-3111 in patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies as a single agent and in combination with obinutuzumab and BGB-A317, an early-stage PD-1 inhibitor.^32,33

&ldquo;BGB-3111 can achieve complete target inhibition in lymph nodes while remaining highly tolerable,&rdquo; said lead investigator Constantine Tam, MD, of the Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Australia, in a prepared statement.³¹

NEW PI3K INHIBITORS

Duvelisib (IPI-145) is an oral inhibitor of PI3K3&gamma; and PI3K&delta; isoforms that suppresses B-cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in CLL cells.³³Clinical activity of single-agent duvelisib was reported from a phase I trial in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, including those with del(17p) or a TP53 mutation.³⁵Phase III data of the DUO trial of patients with relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL showed a median PFS of 13.3 and 9.9 months for duvelisib and ofatumumab, respectively (HR, 0.52;P<.0011). Additionally, initial data from an ongoing phase Ib study of duvelisib plus FCR as frontline therapy suggested tolerability and high response rate (100% in 12 patients).³⁷

Outcomes from the phase III DUO study comparing single-agent duvelisib versus ofatumumab in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL are expected later this year.³⁶

CELL-BASED IMMUNOTHERAPY

A unique immunotherapy currently in development in CLL is adoptive immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. This technology involves the genetic modification of autologous T cells ex vivo to express a fusion construct (CAR) consisting of a B cell-specific antigen, such as the pan B-cell antigen CD19, and the signaling component of T-cell receptor.⁴This approach results in target specificity of the effector T cell, and later-generation designs incorporate additional co-stimulatory domains to enhance antitumor activity of the modified T cells.

Clinical outcomes of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with CLL have been reported in small numbers at single institutions.⁴The largest trial—a phase I study&mdash;demonstrated a 57% ORR (8 of 14 patients; including 4 CRs and 4 PRs) among patients with heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory CLL.³⁸CD19 CAR T-cell responses persisted for 4 years in the rst 2 patients who achieved CR, and none of the patients with CR relapsed or had detectable MRD, suggesting this treatment may be a possible cure for CLL. All patients with response developed B-cell aplasia and had cytokine release syndrome, which coincided with T-cell proliferation.³⁸

Single-arm results of a small phase I/II study of JCAR014 CAR T-cell therapy in adults with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies, which were presented at the 2017 SOHO Annual Meeting, showed that the subgroup of patients who met International Working Group on CLL criteria for response had no malignant IgH sequences in marrow had a PFS and OS of 100% after follow-up of 6.6 months.³⁹

A large number of early-stage clinical trials is ongoing to investigate CAR T-cell treatment in advanced B-cell malignancies, including relapsed/refractory CLL, including a phase I/II study in 189 patients with advanced CLL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.³⁸

Multiple clinical trials are underway that address ef cacy and tolerability of novel agents and agent combinations in CLL. Pertinent outcomes include the durability of remissions in patients who achieve MRD-negative CR on regimens and the effects of treatment discontinuation.

&ldquo;The field is rapidly moving into the domain of combination therapies with encouraging early results and apparently higher quality responses including high rates of MRD-negativity,&rdquo; said Tam and John Seymour, MD, also of Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and University of Melbourne, in a commentary. &ldquo;Such combination therapies, including rationally designed novel combinations are now being evaluated in a suite of high-profile trials that will likely define optimal treatment in the near future. If these combination therapies do emerge as superior, we will again need to evaluate outcomes and treatment choices in that context.&rdquo;

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