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In the first interview of this series, Allison Betof Warner, MD, PhD, reviews the mechanistic rationale of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and considers their potential use in the management of solid tumors. 

Role of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Solid Tumors: Advancements in Therapeutic Strategy

In the first installment of the series, Allison Betof Warner, MD, PhD, reviews the mechanistic rationale behind tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and considers where these experimental therapies may fit in the oncologic landscape.

Where Will Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) Therapy Fit Into the Oncologic Landscape?

The biologics license application (BLA) of the subcutaneous formulation of nivolumab (Opdivo) coformulated with human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) has been accepted by the FDA.

Findings from the CheckMate -67T (NCT04810078) support this BLA of subcutaneous nivolumab as the trial met its coprimary pharmacokinetic end points and key secondary end point of overall response rate (ORR) vs intravenous (IV) nivolumab in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

The FDA has set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) goal date for December 29, 2024.

The FDA has accepted the BLA of the subcutaneous formulation of nivolumab coformulated with rHuPH20, also known as subcutaneous nivolumab, for all previously approved adult solid tumor indications of nivolumab as a monotherapy, monotherapy maintenance following completion of the combination therapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab (Yervoy), or in combination with chemotherapy or cabozantinib (Cabometyx).

Results from the phase 3 CheckMate -67T trial of subcutaneous nivolumab support this application. In the trial, experts sought to evaluate subcutaneous nivolumab vs its intravenous (IV) formulation.

 Here, the subcutaneous form demonstrated noninferior pharmacokinetics and efficacy, as well as consistent safety compared with the IV formulation of nivolumab among patients with advanced or metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) who have received prior systemic therapy.

A PDUFA goal date has been set for December 29, 2024. With this, subcutaneous nivolumab shows promise to become the first and only subcutaneously administered PD-1 inhibitor.

“We believe subcutaneous nivolumab has the potential to make a significant difference in the lives of patients, which is reinforced by the FDA’s acceptance of our application,” said Gina Fusaro, PhD, vice president, global program lead, Bristol Myers Squibb, in a press release.

“[Nivolumab] is a foundational PD-1 inhibitor approved for many different types of cancer, and our continued investment in research that puts patients first remains a priority. If approved by the FDA, the subcutaneous administration of nivolumab would provide patients and their physicians with a new option that delivers the same well-known benefits as IV [nivolumab] but with the improved convenience of an injection administered in 3 to 5 minutes rather than a 30- to 60-minute infusion,” Fusaro continued.

The phase 3, randomized, open-label CheckMate -67T trial is exploring subcutaneous administration of nivolumab coformulated with rHuPH20 vs IV nivolumab for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic ccRCC who were previously treated with systemic therapy.

In the study, 495 patients were randomly assigned to receive either subcutaneous nivolumab or IV nivolumab. Enrollment was open to patients with a histological confirmation of ccRCC, advanced RCC not amenable to curative or radiation therapy, metastatic RCC, those who received no more than 2 prior systemic therapies, those with intolerance or progression after last treatment regimen within 6 months of randomization, and those with a Karnofsky performance score ≥ 70 at screening.

Experts assessed the coprimary end points of time-averaged serum concentration over 28 days and trough serum concentration at steady-state of subcutaneous nivolumab vs IV nivolumab. A key secondary end point of the trial was ORR.

The study met its coprimary pharmacokinetic end points and key secondary end point of ORR with subcutaneous nivolumab in this patient population.

 Subcutaneous nivolumab was noninferior in regard to time-averaged nivolumab serum concentration over 28 days and steady-state trough serum concentration vs treatment with IV nivolumab. Additionally, subcutaneous nivolumab also demonstrated a noninferior ORR compared with IV nivolumab.

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration accepts Bristol Myers Squibb’s application for subcutaneous nivolumab (nivolumab and hyaluronidase). News release. Bristol Myers Squibb. May 6, 2024. Accessed May 6, 2024. 

2. Phase 3 Check-Mate -67T trial of subcutaneous nivolumab (nivolumab and hyaluranisade) meets co-primary end points in advanced or metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. News release. Bristol Myers Squibb. October 19, 2024. Accessed May 6, 2024. 

3. A study of subcutaneous nivolumab versus intravenous nivolumab in participants with previously treated clear cell renal cell carcinoma that is advanced or has spread (CheckMate-67T). ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated October 12, 2023. Accessed May 6, 2024. 

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04810078

The FDA is considering a subcutaneous nivolumab formulation for various solid tumors based on promising data from the phase 3 CheckMate -67T trial. A target action date has been set for December 29, 2024.

News

Clinical

FDA Accepts BLA for Subcutaneous Nivolumab Across Various Solid Tumors

The phase 3 TROPION-Lung12 trial (NCT06564844) evaluating adjuvant treatment regimens for patients with stage I adenocarcinoma non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has tested for eligibility its first patient with the investigational GRAIL NSCLC circulating tumor (ct) DNA assay.

This research, approved under an FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) held by GRAIL, uses the biotechnology company's innovative targeted methylation platform to identify ctDNA. The method uses blood only, removing the need for tissue biopsies or custom panel creation and allows for seamless integration into pharmaceutical clinical trials.

In TROPION-Lung12, the GRAIL assay will be given before surgery to identify patients who are eligible for post-surgery randomization into a cohort receiving the adjuvant treatment regimen. Data on the assay’s accuracy and effectiveness were previously reported in the 

 and highlighted at the 2023 North America Conference on Lung Cancer.

“We’re excited to continue our strategic collaboration with AstraZeneca with the use of our novel assay in the TROPION-Lung12 study. We hope this study will further demonstrate the potential of GRAIL’s Methylation Platform to enhance patient selection for cancer treatment,” said Harpal Kumar, president, international business & biopharma, at GRAIL, in a press release.

“GRAIL’s ctDNA detection approach, which does not require tumor tissue, has the potential to offer oncologists a rapid, accessible method to help refine patients’ diagnostic and prognostic profiles for better guided cancer therapy. This is one of the first times a ctDNA assay has been used in a clinical trial of early-stage lung cancer patients to identify those most likely to benefit from further treatment. As such, we hope this approach could provide substantial additional benefit for patients diagnosed with stage 1 lung cancer,” continued Kumar.

TROPION-Lung12 is a randomized, open-label, global study evaluating the efficacy and safety of adjuvant datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in combination with rilvegostomig, relative to standard-of-care, in patients with stage I adenocarcinoma NSCLC who are ctDNA-positive, as determined by the Sponsor-designated ctDNA assay. If not positive, patients must have at least 1 high-risk pathological feature.

The study enrolled patients with histologically documented treatment-naive stage I adenocarcinoma NSCLC with complete surgical resection, no evidence of disease post-surgery, and a pre-surgical ctDNA-positive result or the presence of at least 1 high-risk pathological feature. Patients were required to have an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, a life expectancy of more than 6 months, complete recovery after surgery, and adequate bone marrow reserve and organ function.

In the first group, patients will receive Dato-DXd in combination with rilvegostomig intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks. In the second experimental group patients will receive rilvegostomig monotherapy via IV infusion every 3 weeks. Finally, patients in the standard of care group will undergo observation or will receive the investigator's choice of chemotherapy.

“In TROPION-Lung12, screening for ctDNA is intended to identify the patients at an increased risk of disease recurrence after surgery and thus most likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy,” said Cristian Massacesi, MD, chief medical officer and oncology chief development officer, AstraZeneca, in a press release.1 “The novel strategy we are deploying in this trial illustrates our commitment to both detect cancer earlier and use those early insights to enable more personalized treatment decisions for the benefit of patients.”

GRAIL announces first patient tested with blood-based assay in global phase 3 adjuvant lung cancer study. News release. GRAIL, Inc. November 18, 2024. Accessed November 19, 2024. 

A phase III, randomised study of adjuvant Dato-DXd in combination with rilvegostomig or rilvegostomig monotherapy versus standard of care, following complete tumour resection, in participants with stage I adenocarcinoma NSCLC who are ctDNA-positive or have high-risk pathological reatures (TROPION-Lung12). ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated November 18, 2024. Accessed November 19, 2024. 

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06564844

The TROPION-Lung12 trial uses a circulating tumor DNA assay to preoperatively screen patients with non–small cell lung cancer for eligibility in post-surgical adjuvant treatment regimens.

Innovative ctDNA Testing Drives Progress in NSCLC Research

KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM ADITYA BARDIA, MD, MPH​, FASCO

Trastuzumab deruxtecan and sacituzumab govitecan can be given to patients with metastatic HER2-low breast cancer after endocrine therapy and chemotherapy.

Progression-free survival and overall survival favor trastuzumab deruxtecan over chemotherapy in HER2-low disease.

The DESTINY-Breast06 trial showed similar outcomes for HER2-low and HER2-ultralow disease.

A 52-year-old postmenopausal woman underwent breast-conserving surgery plus radiation therapy for pT2 N1 invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast, grade 2, estrogen receptor (ER)–positive, progesterone receptor–positive, HER2 1+ by immunohistochemistry (IHC); 21-gene recurrence score: 27​.

She received dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel and completed 10 years of tamoxifen.​

Five years later, she presented with disease recurrence in the liver, hormone receptor–positive, HER2-low, no actionable mutations on tissue next-generation sequencing​.

She received first-line letrozole plus ribociclib​ (Kisqali).

​She went on to receive ​fulvestrant for 6 months to disease progression in the bone and liver, then everolimus plus exemestane for 4 months to disease progression, followed by capecitabine for 6 months until disease progression.

Repeat circulating tumor DNA next-generation sequencing at each progression showed no actionable alteration.

Targeted Oncology: Do you consider this patient with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) to be eligible for sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy)?

If you look at the label of sacituzumab govitecan, it says 2 prior lines of systemic therapy; it does not say which kind, so you can make a case that the endocrine-based treatment was also systemic therapy.

 But the TROPiCS-02 trial [NCT03901339], which led to approval, required 2 prior lines of chemotherapy. Purely from a trial perspective, you should give 2 lines of chemotherapy, but in routine clinical practice, after capecitabine, that's when we consider trastuzumab deruxtecan [T-DXd] and sacituzumab govitecan.

Can you use T-DXd and sacituzumab one after another?

You can use them in sequence. There have been studies looking at the efficacy of one after the next,

 and there is some cross-resistance between these agents because they have similar payloads. In sacituzumab govitecan, SN38 is a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor. With T-DXd, deruxtecan is also a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor. But in some patients, it does work, and maybe in that setting, the disease progression is more because of the antigen, and so you're using a different antibody that works. But in some patients, you would see cross resistance.

If you look at our guidelines, you have both these drugs, T-DXd and sacituzumab govitecan. The guidelines would suggest T-DXd should be preferred for HER2-low disease.

 But if a patient is not a candidate for T-DXd, that's when you use sacituzumab. That could be either contraindication to T-DXd, or if a patient has HER2 IHC 0 mBC in that setting, you can use sacituzumab, and you can use them in sequence. If you start with one, you can use the other drug after that.

What data support the use of T-DXd in patients with HER2-low status?

This was based on DESTINY-Breast04 [NCT03734029], which looked at T-DXd vs standard chemotherapy for HER2-low, ER-positive breast cancer. It showed impressive improvement in both progression-free survival [PFS] and overall survival [OS]. We saw updated results last year, and essentially continue to see benefit with T-DXd vs a standard chemotherapy with median OS of about 24 months [vs 17.6 months for chemotherapy; HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55-0.87].

 That's 2 years in the second line [and beyond] setting.

At least in DESTINY-Breast04, HER2 IHC 1+ vs 2+ didn't matter. We saw similar results, and in DESTINY-Breast04, any prior HER2-low specimen was allowed. That could be primary breast cancer. It could be the first metastatic [biopsy] specimen. Any prior specimen that was HER2-low was allowed, and they saw similar benefit. In terms of safety, the main adverse events [AEs] with T-DXd are neutropenia, alopecia, nausea, and then pneumonitis.

What is the significance of the DESTINYBreast06 trial (NCT04494425) in mBC?

DESTINY-Breast06 also included HER2-ultralow, which is IHC 0+, so just some cells with HER2 expression. The other big difference was it did not require prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. The comparator was capecitabine, which was 60% in this trial, or taxanes.

It showed results somewhat similar to DESTINY-Breast04, maybe a bit less in terms of HR, but still meaningful [in the HER2-low subgroup]. The HR was 0.62 [95% CI, 0.51-0.74; 

 < .0002] and a 5-month improvement in PFS [median, 13.2 months vs 8.1 months with chemotherapy].

Then if we combine both HER2-low and -ultralow, in the intent-to-treat population, there were very similar results [PFS HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.53-0.75; 

 < .0001]. In terms of OS, there was a trend towards improvement in OS [HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.66-1.05] but the results are not mature at this time.

If we just look at HER2-ultralow, there were very similar results, improvement in PFS with a delta of about 5 months [median, 13.2 months vs 8.3 months for chemotherapy; HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.50-1.21], and a trend towards improvement in OS as well [HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.43-1.29].

Then if you look at response rate, it was close to 60% overall response rate with T-DXd, even with HER2-ultralow. That’s why we feel that this drug works regardless of the amount of HER2 expression.

In terms of AEs, nausea is the most common, with alopecia, and some diarrhea as well. This is a setting where you should remember to get EKGs, because you can have decrease in left ventricle ejection fraction.

1. Trodelvy. Prescribing information. Gilead Sciences, Inc; 2023. Accessed November 13, 2024. 

2. Huppert LA, Mahtanai RL, Fisch SC, et al. Multicenter retrospective cohort study of the sequential use of the antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) and sacituzumab govitecan (SG) in patients with HER2-low metastatic breast cancer (MBC): updated data and subgroup analyses by age, sites of disease, and use of intervening therapies. 

. 2024;42(suppl 16):1083. doi:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.1083

3. NCCN. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Breast cancer, version 6.2024. Accessed November 13, 2024. 

https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf

4. Modi S, Jacot W, Iwata H, et al. 376O - Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) versus treatment of physician’s choice (TPC) in patients (pts) with HER2-low unresectable and/or metastatic breast cancer (mBC): Updated survival results of the randomized, phase III DESTINY-Breast04 study. 

. 2023;34(suppl 2):S334-S335. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2023.09.553

5. Curigliano G, Hu X, Dent RA, et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) vs physician’s choice of chemotherapy (TPC) in patients (pts) with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low or HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer (mBC) with prior endocrine therapy (ET): primary results from DESTINY-Breast06 (DB-06). 

. 2024;42(suppl 17):LBA1000. doi:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.17_suppl.LBA1000

During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Aditya Bardia, MD, MS, FASCO, discussed data from the DESTINY-Breast04 and DESTINY-Breast06 trials for HER2-low breast cancer in the second article of a 2-part series.

HER2-Low and -Ultralow Populations Benefit from T-DXd in HR+ mBC

A 78-year-old man with a history of stage III melanoma underwent surgical resection 12 years ago; his lymph node dissection (LND) was positive for nodal involvement. The patient declined complete LND and adjuvant systemic therapy. He remained active since his surgery and maintained regular follow-up appointments.

On routine follow-up, the patient presented with moderate asthenia that limited his daily activities. His ECOG performance status was 1, and his physical examination was unremarkable. Notable laboratory findings included lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of 380 U/L (reference range, 110-240 U/L). A full-body CT scan revealed pulmonary and hepatic nodules but no evidence of brain metastases. He underwent core-needle biopsy of the largest hepatic lesion in segment IVb without any complications. Pathology revealed metastatic melanoma.

During a Targeted Oncology™ Case-Based Roundtable™ event, April K.S. Salama, MD, discussed treatment approaches for a 78-year-old patient with metastatic melanoma discovered 12 years after surgical resection. 

Allison Betof Warner, MD, PhD

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