PD-1 and IDO Inhibitor Combo Could Change Standard of Care in Melanoma

Thomas F. Gajewski, MD, PhD

Thomas F. Gajewski, MD, PhD

The first-in-class IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat (INCB024360), currently being investigated in combination with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab (Keytruda), could be an exciting new FDA approval for patients with stage III/IV unresectable or metastatic melanoma (NCT02752074) and a less toxic frontline standard of care for these patients, according to Thomas F. Gajewski, MD, PhD.

The combination is being explored in the ongoing phase III KEYNOTE-252/ECHO-301 trial, in which 600 patients across more than 120 locations will be randomized to the novel combination or pembrolizumab plus placebo (NCT02752074).

Phase I findings for the combination presented at the 2016 ESMO Congress demonstrated that 11 of 19 evaluable treatment-naïve patients achieved an objective response (58%), including 5 patients (26%) with a complete response and 6 participants (32%) with a partial response. The disease control rate was 74%.

Moreover, the median progression-free survival (PFS) had not yet been reached at the median follow-up of 56 weeks. The PFS rate was 74% at 6 months and 57% at 12 months.

In an interview withTargeted Oncology, Gajewski, professor of medicine at The University of Chicago Medicine, discussed how the combination of PD-1 and IDO inhibitors could change the standard of care for patients with melanoma, and highlighted other emerging targets on the horizon.

TARGETED ONCOLOGY:Can you provide an overview of your talk at this State of the Science Summit?

Gajewski:

I discussed how we are using patient samples to try and discover new targets for novel immunotherapies. Many people are aware that the anti—PD-1 drugs nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab are having a remarkable impact not just in melanoma, but in many cancer types. What we know is that, despite this remarkable advance, only a subset of patients respond.

Therefore, we are using tumor biopsies and blood-based assays to try to figure out why some patients are responding and others are not. As we explore those variables, we’re finding new therapeutic targets that we then investigate experimentally. Then, we have new therapeutic approaches that are already back in the clinic to try and make PD-1 better.

TARGETED ONCOLOGY:What are some of these new targets?

Gajewski:

One of the fundamental observations that we made in our group that has been confirmed by multiple others is that a subset of patients already has an ongoing immune response in their tumors. The immune system is trying to attack the tumor and get it rejected, but it is failing. PD-1 is one of the pathways keeping that immune response in check. As we study that subset of tumors more, we realize that there are other negative regulators in that same tumor set.

One of them is called IDO. This is a target that can be hit with a small molecule inhibitor. PD-1 is hit with antibodies that block PD-1 interactions with ligands; that has gone from basic experiments all the way from early-phase clinical trials. Now, there is a large phase III trial nearly accrued in metastatic melanoma treating patients with anti—PD-1 versus anti–PD-1 plus an IDO inhibitor.

Secondly, we have a lot of thoughts about what is going on in the non—T-cell inflamed tumors. There are tumors that don’t generate any spontaneous immune response to the anti–PD-1 drugs; they usually don’t work. None of those targets are even present in those tumors.

We have done a lot of basic research to figure out what’s going on in those tumors. We have multiple strategies to try and wake up those tumors to get the immune response going, and then render those patients response to anti—PD-1, or PD-1/IDO combinations down the road.

TARGETED ONCOLOGY:Could we see any of this combination data at the 2017 ASCO Annual Meeting?

Gajewski:

The first phase II data from the PD-1 plus IDO regimen were presented at the 2016 ESMO Congress. Some more advanced data from that same trial—not just in melanoma, but in other tumor types—are being presented at ASCO this year. The phase III trial, which is already nearly accrued, is going to take a year to a year-and-a-half to mature to a point where there are enough events to say whether the combination is better than the single agent.

We will see a little bit at the 2017 ASCO Annual Meeting, but the mature data—if positive—could lead to FDA approval. But we won’t see it until at least 2018.

TARGETED ONCOLOGY:We are obviously still early with this research. What are the biggest questions researchers hope to answer first?

Gajewski:

One of the major fundamental questions is, how do you turn a cold tumor into a hot tumor? Here, we’re really working hard from multiple angles. We’re taking that problem, turning it around, and hacking it from different angles. That is really a question of primary resistance—patients who walk in and they’re resistant to anti—PD-1 therapy from the get-go.

Secondary resistance is also something that’s starting to become a clinical issue that we have to address. Many patients treated with PD-1 or other immunotherapies respond, do well, have durable tumor control, and are perhaps chronically controlled or even cured. We hate to use the “C-word” liberally, but maybe some of those patients are cured.

However, in a fraction of those patients, their tumors start to grow again. This is what has happened with the targeted therapies in melanoma, such as the BRAF inhibitors. Now, we are starting to get a sense that a subset of patients treated with PD-1 also develops secondary resistance.

How do we figure out what those mechanisms are? We have to rebiopsy the tumor, and this requires patient cooperation, funding, and the infrastructure to process the samples. We have all of this set up at The University of Chicago Medicine for that discovery platform.

TARGETED ONCOLOGY:What do you hope community oncologists in attendance took from your lecture to apply to their clinical practice?

Gajewski:

My job was to get them psyched up about what is just around the corner. Many community oncologists are waiting for what is the best combination partner with PD-1 so that they can treat their patients and have an even greater statistical likelihood that they’re going to have clinical benefit from that first treatment straight out of the starting blocks.

I want them to get excited that we are working on that. Multiple combinations are in the clinic already, and maybe some of these will work without increased toxicity. That would make everybody really happy—the patients, the community oncologists, and us. We feel happy that we discovered some of these things.

Reference:

Gangadhar TC, Hamid O, Smith DC, et al. Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma and select solid tumors: updated phase 1 results from ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037. In: Proceedings from the 2016 European Society for Medical Oncology Congress; October 7-11, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark. Abstract 1110PD.