Narsoplimab Shows Promise in Treating Posttransplant Complications

Samer K. Khaled, MD

Samer K. Khaled, MD

Evolving data about possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) may introduce narsoplimab (OMS721) as a new therapy for management of patients with this challenging complication.¹

According to experts who discussed therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TA-TMA at the 2020 Transplant & Cellular Therapies Meeting in Orlando, Florida, there are currently no established therapy regimens for the treatment of patients with TA-TMA after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).

Initial management strategies involve treatment of underlying or coexisting conditions, such as infections or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and withdrawal of the offending agent. Slightly over half of all cases resolve following withdrawal of calcineurin or mTOR inhibitors.

“TA-TMA is one of the most devastating posttransplant complications,” Samer K. Khaled, MD, medical director of hematology and HCT Clinical Operations at City of Hope, said during the presentation. “It is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and end-organ damage.”

“The most promising agents are complement inhibitors,” Khaled said. “The lectin pathway is one of the principle pathways of complement activation.”

He went on describe the investigational agent narsoplimab (OMS721), an IgG-4 monoclonal antibody which acts to inhibit the effector enzyme MASP-2 of the lectin pathway.

In a 3-stage, uncontrolled, multiple dose-escalation phase II study whose results were presented at the 23rd Congress of the European Hematology Association, patients treated with narsoplimab had improved overall survival (OS) as compared with historical controls. In addition, the agent demonstrated an acceptable safety profile with the most frequently reported adverse events being consistent with historical controls.²

Stage 1 of the trial involved an ascending-dose, 3-cohort design with patients receiving either low-, medium-, or high-dose narsoplimab. Stage 2 treated patients with 4 once-weekly administrations of narsoplimab at the highest dose; patients who tolerated treatment were permitted to received 4 additional weekly doses in stage 3.

The 100-day survival rate in patients treated with narsoplimab was 68%, with 83% of those who received treatment for ≥4 week alive at 100 days. Ninety-three percent of patients who responded to treatment survived to the 100-day mark.

Based on comparison with a historical analysis, narsoplimab resulted in a statistically significant improvement in median OS, at 347.0 days versus 21.0 days (P<.0001).

Statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements over the study period were noted for mean changes to platelet counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and haptoglobin levels; no significant changes to mean creatinine levels were observed.

Patients on the trial had a median age of 48 years and 71% were men. Risk factors for TA-TMA included GVHD in 64%, significant infection in 79%, noninfectious pulmonary complications in 18%, and neurological signs in 36%.

The FDA had previously granted narsoplimab breakthrough therapy designation for the treatment of high-risk TA-TMA as well as orphan drug designation for TA-TMA therapy and complement-mediated TMA prevention.

Another agent that may protect the endothelium from this condition is defibrotide, which has a mechanism of action that blocks plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 and reduces the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Damage from calcineurin inhibitors is reduced by the agents antithrombotic and thrombolytic effects. Defibrotide is being explored in a phase II pilot trial as prophylaxis for TA-TMA (NCT03384693).

The terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab (Soliris), which is approved for the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, has also been explored as therapy for the treatment of TA-TMA.

Challenges to TA-TMA Therapy

In addition to the challenges surrounding lack of viable therapy options, clinicians also struggle to come to agreement about what constitutes TA-TMA.

&ldquo;As of today, we still do not have distinct criteria for what constitutes TA-TMA,&rdquo; Sergio Giralt, MD, who is chief of adult bone marrow transplant service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, added during his discussion about identification of TA-TMA in patients posttransplant.

Giralt identified schistocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated LDH as consistent diagnostic criteria for positive identification of TA-TMA.

Lack of consensus around diagnostic criteria has resulted in wide-ranging reports about the overall incidence of TA-TMA following allogeneic HSCT, with some studies recording incidences of 2% to as high as 20% in single-institution studies.

Etiology for TA-TMA involve endothelial damage resulting from chemotherapy and radiation used in conditioning regimens, toxicity from immunosuppressants, infections, or inherent susceptibility to this condition. Risk factors include advanced age; infections, such as aspergillus, cytomegalovirus, and adenovirus; GVHD; preconditioning radiation; female sex; and human leukocyte mismatch.

Endothelial dysfunction may occur by 2 potential mechanisms. Patients may have an inherent complement activation susceptibility or endothelial damage that induces complement activation. The complement activation leads to further endothelial damage and subsequent thrombosis, hemolysis, and dysfunction of the organ.

In pediatric patients, the presence of hypertension and other end-organ damage is more common than what is observed in adults. TA-TMA in adults is commonly associated with renal dysfunction and proteinuria.

Other agents that may assist in the management of TA-TMA include those targeting endothelial damage mechanisms such as rituximab (Rituxan), eicosatetraenoic acid, statin drugs, and TNF-a inhibitors.

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References

1. Khaled SK, Dandoy C, Giralt S, Jodele S. Evolving strategies in the management of HSCT associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Presented at: 2020 Transplant & Cellular Therapies Meeting; February 19-23, 2020. Orlando, FL. bit.ly/2HOfbIS.
2. Rambaldi A, Khaled S, Smith M, et al. Improved survival following OMS721 treatment of hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (HCT-TMA). Presented at: 23rd Congress of European Hematology Association; June 14-17, 2018; Stockholm, Sweden. bit.ly/32k7XFS/.