CAR T-Cell Therapy and Lymphodepletion Demonstrates Early Activity in Advanced Sarcoma

Shoba Navai, MD

Shoba Navai, MD

In phase I findings presented during the 2019 AACR Annual Meeting, HER2-directed CAR T-cell therapy and lymphodepletion chemotherapy was found to be safe and effective as a treatment for pediatric and adult patients with advanced HER2-positive sarcoma.

The trial (NCT00902044) included 10 patients with refractory/metastatic HER2-positive sarcoma who were treated with the HER2-directed CAR T-cell product. CAR T cells expanded in all but 2 patients; the median peak expansion was day 7 (range, 5-28) and CAR T cells were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in all patients 6 weeks following infusion.

“HER2 CAR T cells can be safely giving in combination with lymphodepletion; lymphodepletion enhances T-cell expansion and persistence,” said lead study author Shoba Navai, MD, when presenting the findings at the AACR meeting. “HER2 CAR T cells can induce objective clinical responses in some patients with sarcoma, and engagement of endogenous immunity may aid in the generation of tumor response.”

Osteosarcoma, one of the more common types of sarcoma, is said to be HER2 positive in up to 40% of patients; additionally, this HER2-positive subtype is associated with a higher likelihood of tumor metastasis. Preclinical data have demonstrated that HER2-targeted therapy, including trastuzumab (Herceptin), is much less effective in sarcomas compared with in HER2-positive breast cancers.

“Children and adults with recurrent or refractory sarcomas have limited treatment options,” said Navai, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy at

Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital. “Depending on the specific type of sarcoma, curative salvage chemotherapy regimens

are available, but the chance of success is low and the therapies can be quite toxic.”

However, HER2-directed CAR T cells have the ability to target low levels of HER2 on tumor cells compared with trastuzumab, as also discovered in preclinical studies, Navai explained. The CAR T-cell molecule used in the phase I study is comprised of a HER2 binding domain, from a FRP5-derived antibody, connected with the signaling domain of a T cell containing CD28 co-stimulation.

In the trial, investigators enrolled 10 patients with osteosarcoma (n = 5), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 3), Ewing sarcoma (n = 1), and synovial sarcoma (n = 1). One patient with rhabdomyosarcoma who enrolled and relapsed, later re-enrolled and was retreated. The median age was 14 years (range, 4-54) and up to 5 prior salvage therapies were given.

Patients were treated with up to 3 infusions of autologous HER2-targeted CAR T cells at 1 x 10⁸/m²amd lymphodepletion of either fludarabine alone at 25 mg/m²daily (n = 3) or in combination with cyclophosphamide at 30 mg/kg daily (n = 8). Both lymphodepletion regimens induced lymphopenia with an absolute lymphocyte count <100/ml on the day of T-cell infusion, and fludarabine/cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia for up to 14 days. Patients were followed for a safety period of 6 weeks, at which point repeat disease evaluations were performed.

Those who had initial responses to these treatments were then administered another 5 CAR T-cell infusions at the most but without lymphodepletion.

Results additionally showed that at the end of the initial 6-week period, 4 patients had progressive disease and 4 patients had stable disease, the latter of which lasted for 3.4 months to 9 months, said Navai during her presentation.

&ldquo;Five of 10 patients are alive at last follow-up, and overall survival for all patients treated with lymphodepletion was 60% at 1 year,&rdquo; she added.

Specifically, 1 pediatric patient with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma, which had spread to the bone marrow, achieved a complete response (CR) for 1 year but later relapsed; retreatment with CAR T cells achieved an ongoing CR for 17 months. Multiple analyses of the patient&rsquo;s blood showed that there were antibody responses against several intracellular proteins involved in the cell cycle, cell growth, cell signaling, and in invasion and metastasis.

Moreover, data showed that 1 pediatric patient with metastatic osteosarcoma, which had spread to the lungs, has had an ongoing CR for 32 months.

Regarding safety, there were limited treatment-related toxicities, Navai said. Eight patients experienced grade 1/2 cytokine release syndrome within 24 hours of CAR T-cell infusion, which was completely resolved after supportive care within 5 days of onset. Following chemotherapy, all patients experienced expected blood count decreases that later improved; no patients developed secondary infections to low blood counts, and no neurologic toxicities were observed.

&ldquo;Despite this improved expansion, we observed no dose-limiting toxicities,&rdquo; said Navai. &ldquo;There were no serious cardiac or pulmonary toxicities observed, and all patients maintained normal heart function throughout the study period and in longer-term follow-up. I note this as patients receiving other HER2-directed therapies, such as trastuzumab, are at risk for decreased heart function.&rdquo;

Phase II testing of HER2-specific CAR T cells alone or in combination with other approaches in a greater number of patients is warranted to determine efficacy as well as optimal dosage. Navai also explained that future research will likely investigate this therapeutic approach in other HER2-positive tumors beyond sarcomas.

Reference:

Navai SA, Derenzo C, Joseph S, et al. Administration of HER2-CAR T cells after lymphodepletion safely improves T cell expansion and induces clinical responses in patients with advanced sarcomas. Presented at: 2019 AACR Annual Meeting; March 29 to April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Abstract LB-147.