Abiraterone, Prednisone, Apalutamide Improves Prostate Cancer Outcomes, Leaves HRQoL Unaffected

3D rendered medically accurate illustration of prostate cancer: © SciePro - stock.adobe.com

Treatment consisting of salvage radiation and GnRH Agonist with abiraterone acetate (Zytiga) plus prednisone (AAP) and apalutamide (Erleada) after radical prostatectomy improved oncological outcomes without causing significant differences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) vs bicalutamide (Casodex) in patients with prostate cancer, according to results from the phase II FORMULA-509 trial (NCT03141671).

Findings from the respective trial regarding patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL)were presented at the 2024 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium.

Researchers provided validated questionnaires to patients at baseline, at the end of treatment, and 1 year after completing treatment. Questionnaires completed by patients included The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-26), PROMIS Fatigue, and Saint Louis University Mental Status Exam (SLUMS), measuring hormone function, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.

EPIC-26 was measured based on a score from 0 to 100, with 100 as the highest function possible. PROMIS Fatigue was measured using a standardized T score, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue. SLUMS was measured based on a score from 0 to 30: 27 to 30 indicated normal scores, 21 to 26 meant mild neurocognitive disorder, and 20 or less meant a patient had dementia. A t-test was used to compare scores among each treatment arm. Furthermore, established thresholds for clinically meaningful differences were used to interpret the results (4 to 6 for EPIC-26 hormonal domain and 5 to 10 for PROMIS Fatigue).

“It is critical that we understand the impact of this more intensified ADT regimen and patient-reported health-related quality of life, as patient experience and perception can differ from physician assessment,” lead study author Karen Hoffman, MD, MHSc, MPH, FASTRO, of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, said during the presentation.

“In the FORMULA-509 trial, health-related quality of life was assessed with validated questionnaires that were administered at baseline, at the end of treatment, and one year after completion of treatment,” she said.

Patients (n=345) were randomized 1:1 to bicalutamide (n=172) and AAP/apalutamide (n=173) and were evaluated using the 3 types of questionnaires. For EPIC-26, the completion rates were 96%, 80%, and 70% at baseline, end of treatment, and 1 year after completing treatment, respectively. The completion rates for PROMIS Fatigue were 95%, 79%, and 67%; and 96%, 80%, and 70% for SLUMS.¹

Hormonal Function Domain

Both arms—from baseline to end of treatment—demonstrated meaningful improvements, specifically with declines in the EPIC-26 hormonal domain (median change -15 bicalutamide; -15 AAP/apalutamide) and an increase in PROMIS Fatigue (median change 6 bicalutamide; 7.4 AAP/apalutamide).

Patient-reported HRQoL from the end of treatment to 1 year after treatment improved to near baseline for EPIC-26 hormonal function. For EPIC-26 hormonal function, the median scores for the bicalutamide arm were 95 at baseline (range 35.0-100.0), 75 at the end of treatment (range 25.0-100.0), and 90 at 1-year follow-up (range 40.0-100.0).

In the AAP/apalutamide arm, the median hormonal ranges were 95.0 (range 50.0-100.0), 75.0 (range 25.0-100.0), and 90 (range 30.0-100.0) for baseline, end of treatment, and 1-year follow-up, respectively. P-values were 0.46 at baseline, 0.40 at the end of treatment, and 0.75 at 1-year follow-up, indicating no significant difference.

“With subsequent improvement towards baseline at one year, there was no difference in patient-reported hormonal function between the treatment arms at end of treatment, and one year after completion of treatment,” said Hoffman.

Fatigue

Similar to hormonal function, there was no difference in patient-reported fatigue, Hoffman said.

Median scores for PROMIS Fatigue in the bicalutamide arm were 43.1 at baseline (range 33.7-75.8), 48.6 at the end of treatment (range 33.7-75.8), and 46.0 at 1-year follow-up (range 33.7-75.8). In the AAP/apalutamide arm, the median scores were 43.1 at baseline (range 33.7-69.0), 51.0 at the end of treatment (range 33.7-75.8), and 46.0 at 1-year follow-up (range 33.7-75.8). P-values were 0.78 at baseline, 0.18 at the end of treatment, and 0.95 at 1-year follow-up.

Cognitive Impairment

The median scores for SLUMS were 27 in both the bicalutamide (range 16.0-30.0) and AAP/apalutamide (range 17.0-30.0) arms, 28 for both arms at the end of treatment (range 13.0-30.0; 17.0-30.0, respectively), and 27 in both arms at 1-year follow-up (range 14.0-30.0; 21.0-30.0). P-values were 0.22 at baseline, 0.41 at the end of treatment, and 0.76 at 1-year follow-up.

“Given these favorable patient-reported health-related quality of life outcomes, 6 months of intensified ADT with next-generation anti-androgens is an attractive treatment alternative to long-duration ADT for patients with rising PSA and unfavorable features after prostatectomy,” Hoffman concluded.

About FORMULA-509

FORMULA-509 is a randomized, phase 2 study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of 2 newer anti-hormonal drugs, abiraterone acetate and apalutamide with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, a standard form of ADT.²

All patients in the study had histologically confirmed prostate cancer, had a PSA ≥ 0.1 after receiving radical prostatectomy, and had at least 1 unfavorable risk factor, including—but not limited to—a Gleason score between 8 and 10, a PSA > 0.5, pathologically positive lymph nodes, negative margins, and/or local or regional recurrence on imaging.

The trial included two experimental arms: GnRH plus bicalutamide and GnRH plus abiraterone with apalutamide and prednisone.

REFERENCES:

1. Hoffman K, Nguyen P, Rathkopf D, et al. Patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the randomized FORMULA-509 trial of salvage radiotherapy and the 6 months of GnRH agonist with either bicalutamide or abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP) and apalutamide (Apa) after radical prostatectomy (RP). J Clin Oncol. 2024; 42(4): 260. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2024.42.4_suppl.260

2. Randomized Phase II Study of Salvage XRT + ADT +/- Abiraterone and Apalutamide for Rising PSA after RP (FORMULA-509). ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03141671